01 / Understand
Start with the decision.
Define the process, available evidence, and question the model needs to answer.
02 / Model
Connect the system.
Link unit operations, mass and energy balances, timing, utilities, and costs.
03 / Compare
Test the choices.
Compare scenarios and uncertainty. Identify bottlenecks and the data worth collecting next.
04 / Build
Make it usable.
Turn the model into an inspectable workflow, simulation, or interface that supports the next decision.